Almost one in four Australian residents were born outside of Australia and many more are first or second generation Australians, the children and grandchildren of recently arrived migrants and refugees. This wide variety of backgrounds, together with the culture of Indigenous Australians who have lived on the Australian continent for more than 50, years, have helped create a uniquely Australian identity and spirit.
Before the arrival of British colonisers in , Australia was inhabited by the Indigenous peoples - Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, sometimes referred to as the First Australians. There were over different clan groups or 'nations' around the continent, many with distinctive cultures, beliefs and languages.
Today, Indigenous people make up 2. New South Wales was settled as a penal colony — a place where Britain could send convicted criminals because her prisons were overcrowded. Many convicts had grown up in poverty and committed only minor offences, such as the theft of a loaf of bread.
Conditions in the new colony were little better than at home — it took many years for British settlers to understand the different environment of the new colony, and disease and malnutrition were widespread during the first decades of settlement. Convicts formed the majority of the colony's population for the first few decades of settlement. Convicts continued being sent to New South Wales until , although as time went by, convicts were increasingly seen as a source of labour to build the colony, rather than just being sent away from Britain as punishment for their crimes.
Settlers living in Australia in the nineteenth century lived at the frontier of not only a new land, but of a new society. The six Australian colonies were governed independently of each other, but during the second half of the 19th century there was a growing sense of an Australian identity and a push towards establishing Australia as an independent nation under a Federation.
The new nation remained loyal to Britain, and retained its identity as part of the British Empire. She presents a critique of those writers who underline the absence of communal identification, proposes a new emphasis on relational networks interconnecting diverse cultural groups, and argues for a more subtle understanding of the complex interplay of the singular and the collective in contemporary French writing.
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